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863 Program

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The 863 program (Chinese: 863计划) or State High-Tech Development Plan (Chinese: 国家高技术研究发展计划) was a program funded and administered by the government of the People's Republic of China intended to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields for the purpose of rendering China independent of financial obligations for foreign technologies.cite-ref-1[1] It was inspired by the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed by U.S. president Ronald Reagan in 1983, and was absorbed alongside Program 973 into the "National Key R&D Program" in 2016.cite-ref-2[2]cite-ref-1-3-0[3]cite-ref-4[4]

On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun in a letter to China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, who approved the program within 2 days.cite-ref-5[5]cite-ref-0-6-0[6] The program was initially led by Zhao Ziyang, who was the premier of China at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion RMB in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total government spending that year.cite-ref-1-3-1[3]cite-ref-0-6-1[6]cite-ref-7[7] According to the US National Counterintelligence and Security Center, the 863 program "provides funding and guidance for efforts to clandestinely acquire US technology and sensitive economic information."cite-ref-8[8]

Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the Loongson computer processor family (originally named Godson), the Tianhe supercomputers and the Shenzhou spacecraft.cite-ref-9[9]cite-ref-10[10]

Contents

• History

• Outline

• See also

• References

History

Named after its date of establishment (March 1986, 86/3 by the Chinese date format), the 863 Program was proposed in a letter to the Chinese government by scientists Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun and endorsed by Deng Xiaoping.cite-ref-11[11] After its implementation during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the program continued to operate through the two five-year plans that followed, with state financing of around 11 billion RMB and an output of around 2000 patents (national and international).cite-ref-12[12]

In 2001, under the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the program was reevaluated in consultation with foreign experts. The result was a widened focus to strengthen the competitiveness of China in the global economy.cite-ref-2-13-0[13] The evaluation practice has been included into the program as a project management system.cite-ref-2-13-1[13]

In a 2011 court case, Chinese-born scientist Huang Kexue was found guilty of stealing commercial secrets from US-based corporations and passing at least some of this information to the 863 program.cite-ref-14[14]

Outline

The program initially focused on seven key technological fields:cite-ref-15[15]

• Biotechnology

• Space

• Information technology

• Laser technology

• Automation

• Energy

• New materials

Since 1986, two more fields have been brought under the umbrella of the program:

• Telecommunications (1992)

• Marine technology (1996)